International Conference on Internal Medicine November 01-02, 2016 San Francisco, USA

Medical diagnosis is a process of determining which disease or condition. Explains the symptoms and signs. It is most often referred to as diagnosis with medical context being implicit. Information required for diagnosis is typically collected from the history and physical examination of the person seeking medical care. Often, one or more diagnostic procedures, such as diagnostic tests, are also done during this process.

Diagnosis is often challenging, because many signs and the symptoms are nonspecific. 

Eg: redness of the skin (erythema), by itself, is a sign of many disorders and thus doesn't tell the healthcare professional what is wrong. Thus differential diagnosis, in which several possible explanations are compared and contrasted, must be performed. This involves the correlation of various pieces of information followed by the recognition and differentiation of patterns. Occasionally the process is made easy by a sign or symptom (or a group of several) that is pathognomonic.

Diagnosis is a major component of the procedure of a doctor's visit. From the point of view of statistics, the diagnostic procedure involves classification tests.

A diagnosis, in the sense of diagnostic procedure, can be regarded as an attempt at classification of an individual's condition into separate and distinct categories that allow medical decisions about treatment and prognosis to be made. Subsequently, a diagnostic opinion is often described in terms of a disease or other condition, but in the case of a wrong diagnosis, the individual's actual disease or condition is not the same as the individual's diagnosis.

     Different types of diagnosis will be discussed in our scientific sessions

Once a diagnostic opinion has been reached and provider is able to propose the management plan, which will include treatment plan as well as plan for follow-up. From this point on, in addition to treating patient's condition, the provider can educate patient about aetiology, progression, prognosis, other outcomes, and possible treatments of her or his ailments, as well as providing an advice for maintaining health.

A treatment plan is proposed which may include the therapy and follow-up consultations and tests to monitor condition and the progress of the treatment, if needed, usually according to medical guidelines provided by medical field on the treatment of the particular illness. A failure to respond to the treatment that would normally work may indicate a need for review of the diagnosis.

In older adults, age comes an ever-greater concern for one’s health. In spite of older adults enjoying the longer and the more fulfilling life spans, they remain at a greater risk of contracting disease due to a number of factors. These factors include a weakened immune system, decrease in the overall activity and use of the medications that impact body’s immune system response. Disease prevention should be at the forefront of any healthcare strategy for older adults, with the ultimate goal of postponing dependency for as long as possible.

Older adults can prevent most diseases through a healthy lifestyle, including diet, exercise and lack of risky activity.

Early detection of certain diseases lowers the possibility of mortality while increasing the success rates of treatment and care. Comprehensive geriatric assessment may be necessary for those already coping with certain diseases.

Preventative measures usually include changes in one’s lifestyle, from increased exercise to quit smoking and alcohol consumption. Early detection, and prompt treatment of age-related diseases.

Infectious disease is the subspecialty of internal medicine dealing with diagnosis and the treatment of communicable diseases of all types, in all organs, and in patients of all ages. This specialty requires an understanding of the microbiology, prevention, and management of disorders caused by viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections, including appropriate use of antimicrobial agents, vaccines, and other immune biological agents; environmental, occupational, and host factors that predispose to infection; and basic principles of epidemiology and transmission of infection. The emergence of drug-resistant bacteria, and AIDS epidemic have significantly affected this specialty. Diagnosis and the treatment for different infections will be discussed in our scientific sessions.

Adolescent medicine (Hebiatrics) is the medical subspecialty that focuses on care of  the patients who are in  adolescent period of development, generally ranging from last years of elementary school until graduation from the high school (some doctors in this subspecialty treat young adults attending college at area clinics, in the subfield of college health). Main health issues related to adolescent medicine will be discussed in our scientific sessions

Immunization is a process whereby the person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine. Vaccines stimulate body’s own immune system to protect the person against subsequent infection or disease. Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to stimulate the individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen.

Intensive care medicine or the critical care medicine is a branch of medicine concerned with diagnosis and management of life-threatening conditions requiring sophisticated organ support and the invasive monitoring. Different conditions under critical care will be discussed in our scientific sessions.

Medical oncology is the specialization in internal medicine, medical oncologist specializes in treating cancer with the chemotherapy (use of drugs to kill cancer cells, usually by stopping the cancer cells’ ability to grow and divide) or other medications, such as targeted therapy and oral (in pill form) chemotherapy. Different types of cancers treated under medical oncology will be discussed in our scientific sessions.

Geriatrics is the speciality in internal medicine. Geriatrics differs from the standard adult medicine because it focuses on unique needs of elderly person. Aged body is different physiologically from the younger adult body, and during old age, the decline of various organ systems becomes manifest. Previous health issues and lifestyle choices produce a different constellation of the disease and symptoms in different people. The appearance of symptoms depends on remaining healthy reserves in the organs. Smokers, for example, consume their respiratory system reserve early and rapidly. Different diseases under geriatric medicine will be discussed in our scientific sessions.

ICD has traditionally grouped diseases by aetiology and by affected organ system. For ICD¬11 the creation of a new chapter for multisystem disorders has been proposed. The following text sets out the rationale for and the possible scope of a multisystem disorders chapter. The concept of multisystem disorders is not new, however the meaning of “multisystem” as used in the literature is largely implicit and rarely defined explicitly except for case definitions of the CDC, and a mention in Webster’s Medical Dictionary. There is an important group of significant disorders which have varied manifestations and can affect so many organs that it is not possible to tie them to a single predominant organ system. Examples include Systemic lupus erythematosus, Dermatopolymyositis, Behçet disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson ’s disease, Polyarteritis nodosa, Sarcoidosis, Wegener granulomatosis, Mitochondrial disorders, Heredofamilial and developmental disorders.

Sleep medicine is the medical specialty or subspecialty devoted to diagnosis and therapy of sleep disturbances and disorders. Disorders and disturbances of sleep are widespread and can have significant consequences for affected individuals as well as the economic and other consequences for society research studies have shown that, the leading cause (31%) of fatal-to-the-driver heavy truck crashes is fatigue related with drugs and alcohol as the number two cause (29%). Sleep deprivation. The lack of quality of sleep can have a negative impact on your energy, emotional balance, and the health. Whereas those who are suffering from regular sleeping problems often have an underlying medical or mental health problem, be it is minor or serious. Different health problems which occur due of lack sleep of will be discussed in our scientific sessions.

Clinical pharmacy is a branch of Pharmacy where pharmacists provide patient care, that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention. Clinical pharmacists care for patients in all the health care settings but the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics. Clinical pharmacists often collaborate with the physicians and other healthcare professionals. Clinical Pharmacist optimizes the outcomes of internal medicine patients by providing evidence-based, patient- centred medication therapy. This scientific session will focus on Research in Health & Medicine, Radiopharmaceuticals, Nanotechnology, Hospital Pharmacy, Drugs and Regulations, Genetics, Genetic Engineering and Biomedical Engineering, Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Bio-Pharmaceutics and Pre-formulation Studies.

The reach of technological innovation continues to grow, changing all the industries as it evolves. In healthcare, the technology is increasingly playing a role in almost all processes, from the patient registration to data monitoring, from lab tests to the self-care tools. Devices like smartphones and tablets are starting to replace the conventional monitoring and recording systems, and people are now given option  for undergoing a full consultation in the privacy of their own homes. Technological advancements in healthcare have contributed to services being taken out of the confines of hospital walls and integrating them with user-friendly, accessible devices. Topics of discussions are Biotechnology in Health Care, Telemedicine, M Health and Portal technology, Bioinformatics in Health Care System, EMR and Health Informatics and Clinical Patient Management System.

Telemedicine is the use of medical information exchanged from one site to the another via electronic communications to improve the patient’s clinical health status. Telemedicine includes a growing variety of applications and the services using two-way video, email, smart phones, wireless tools and the other forms of telecommunications technology. Starting out over 40 years ago with demonstrations of hospitals extending care to the patients in remote areas, use of telemedicine has spread rapidly and is now becoming integrated into the on-going operations of hospitals, specialty departments, home health agencies, private physician offices as well as consumer’s homes and workplaces.  Products and services that are related to telemedicine are often part of a larger investment done by healthcare institutions in either information technology or the delivery of clinical care.

In medicine, a case report is a detailed report of the patient’s symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. Case reports may contain a demographic profile of the patient, but usually describe an unusual or novel occurrence. Some case reports also contain a literature review of others reported. Case reports do have genuinely useful roles in medical research and evidence-based medicine. In particular, they have facilitated recognition of new diseases, adverse effects of treatments.( example: recognition of the link. They can also help understand the clinical spectrum of the rare disease, as well as unusual presentations of common disease. The case report can detail many different aspects of patient’s medical situation (e.g. patient history, physical examination, diagnosis, psychosocial aspects, follow up).Case reports and case studies related to common diseases will be discussed and presented in our scientific sessions.

Children are vital to the nation all the time. Parents and other family members are usually committed to providing every advantage possible to the children in their families, and to ensuring that they are healthy and have the opportunities that they need to fulfill their potential. Highlights of this session are Pediatric Mental Health and Psychology, Pediatric Emergencies and Trauma Treatment, Gastrointestinal and Urogenital Complications in Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurology and Research, Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Preterm-birth Complications and Neonatal Intensive Care, General Pediatrics and Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases.

Internal Medicine physicians encounter female patients with disease processes which may be directly related to female reproductive system, or caused by the female reproductive system and its endocrinology. Education in evaluation, examination, diagnosis and, management of basic gynaecological conditions will significantly enhance the internist’s ability to diagnose, treat a broader scope of patients.

Physicians with special knowledge in sports medicine, is responsible for continuous care in the field of sports medicine, not only for enhancement of health and fitness, but also for prevention of injury and illness. Knowledge about special areas of medicine such as exercise physiology, biomechanics, nutrition, psychology, physical rehabilitation, epidemiology, physical evaluation, injuries (treatment and prevention), and the role of exercise in promoting a healthy lifestyle are essential to the practice of sports medicine. 

Epidemiology is the study of the patterns and causes, effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. Epidemiology is the cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Epidemiologists help with study design, collection, and statistical analysis of data, and interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review). Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies, and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences

Major areas of epidemiological study include disease aetiology, transmission, outbreak investigation, disease surveillance and screening, biomonitoring, and comparisons of treatment effects such as in clinical trials. Epidemiologists rely on other scientific disciplines like biology to better understand disease processes, statistics to make efficient use of the data and draw appropriate conclusions, social sciences to better understand proximate and distal causes, and engineering for exposure assessment.

In the late 20th century, with advancement of biomedical sciences, a number of molecular markers in blood, other bio specimens and environment were identified as predictors of development or risk of a certain disease.

The Greek physician Hippocrates, known as the father of medicine, sought logic to sickness; he is the first person known to have examined the relationships between the occurrence of disease and environmental influences. He coined the terms endemic (for diseases usually found in some places but not in others) and epidemic (for diseases that are seen at some times but not others).

The epidemic breakthrough Zika virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes .People with Zika virus disease usually have a mild fever, and a skin rash. A strong link between Zika virus and microcephaly is suspected and currently being investigated. Microcephaly is a condition where a baby is born with a small head or the head stops growing after birth. Babies born with microcephaly may develop convulsions and suffer physical and learning disabilities as they grow older.

Zika virus is an emerging mosquito-borne virus that was first identified in Uganda in 1947 in rhesus monkeys through a monitoring network of sylvatic yellow fever. It was subsequently identified in humans in 1952 in Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania. Outbreaks of Zika virus disease have been recorded in Africa, the Americas, Asia and the Pacific

CDC issues interim travel guidance related to Zika virus for 14 Countries and Territories in Central and South America and the Caribbean

Primary care psychology is the application of psychological knowledge and principles to common physical and mental health problems experienced by patients and their families throughout the life span and presented in primary care.