Internal Medicine and Hospital Medicine

Healthcare mainly deals with the maintenance or improvement of health via the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in human beings. The quantity and quality of many healthcare systems are improved through the results of science, such as advanced through the medical model of health which focuses on the eradication of illness through diagnosis and effective treatment.

Nursing Profession is related to those who are engaged in Clinical care, Teaching, Research, in the field of Hospital medicine and Nursing is like Nurse Practitioners, Academic and Healthcare professionals can share their research.

ICD has traditionally grouped diseases by aetiology and by affected organ system. For ICD¬11 the creation of a new chapter for multisystem disorders has been proposed. The following text sets out the rationale for and the possible scope of a multisystem disorders chapter. The concept of multisystem disorders is not new, however the meaning of “multisystem” as used in the literature is largely implicit and rarely defined explicitly except for case definitions of the CDC, and a mention in Webster’s Medical Dictionary. There is an important group of significant disorders which have varied manifestations and can affect so many organs that it is not possible to tie them to a single predominant organ system. Examples include Systemic lupus erythematosus, Dermatopolymyositis, Behçet disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson ’s disease, Polyarteritis nodosa, Sarcoidosis, Wegener granulomatosis, Mitochondrial disorders, Heredofamilial and developmental disorders.

Physicians with special knowledge in sports medicine, is responsible for continuous care in the field of sports medicine, not only for enhancement of health and fitness, but also for prevention of injury and illness. Knowledge about special areas of medicine such as exercise physiology, biomechanics, nutrition, psychology, physical rehabilitation, epidemiology, physical evaluation, injuries (treatment and prevention), and the role of exercise in promoting a healthy lifestyle are essential to the practice of sports medicine.

Primary care is a type of healthcare that is given by the healthcare provider as first contact, principal point of continuing care for the patient within a health care system, and coordinates with other specialist care. Primary care physician most commonly provides the Healthcare to the patients. Physicians specializing in internal medicine are called internist.

The WHO attributes that, provision of essential primary care as an integral component of an inclusive Healthcare system. It mainly involves vast scope of healthcare, including patients of all the ages, patients of all socioeconomic and geographic origins and the patients seeking to maintain optimal health, patients with all manner of acute and chronic physical, mental and social health issues, including multiple chronic diseases. Most common chronic diseases that are usually treated in primary care are hypertension, angina, diabetes, asthma, COPD, orthopaedic, depression and anxiety, back pain, arthritis or thyroid dysfunction. It also includes many basic maternal and child health care services, such as family planning services and vaccinations.

Epidemiology is the study of the patterns and causes, effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. Epidemiology is the cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Epidemiologists help with study design, collection, and statistical analysis of data, and interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review). Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies, and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences

Major areas of epidemiological study include disease aetiology, transmission, outbreak investigation, disease surveillance and screening, biomonitoring, and comparisons of treatment effects such as in clinical trials. Epidemiologists rely on other scientific disciplines like biology to better understand disease processes, statistics to make efficient use of the data and draw appropriate conclusions, social sciences to better understand proximate and distal causes, and engineering for exposure assessment.

In the late 20th century, with advancement of biomedical sciences, a number of molecular markers in blood, other bio specimens and environment were identified as predictors of development or risk of a certain disease. The Greek physician Hippocrates, known as the father of medicine, sought logic to sickness; he is the first person known to have examined the relationships between the occurrence of disease and environmental influences. He coined the terms endemic (for diseases usually found in some places but not in others) and epidemic (for diseases that are seen at some times but not others).

The epidemic breakthrough Zika virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes .People with Zika virus disease usually have a mild fever, and a skin rash. A strong link between Zika virus and microcephaly is suspected and currently being investigated. Microcephaly is a condition where a baby is born with a small head or the head stops growing after birth. Babies born with microcephaly may develop convulsions and suffer physical and learning disabilities as they grow older.

Zika virus is an emerging mosquito-borne virus that was first identified in Uganda in 1947 in rhesus monkeys through a monitoring network of sylvatic yellow fever. It was subsequently identified in humans in 1952 in Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania. Outbreaks of Zika virus disease have been recorded in Africa, the Americas, Asia and the Pacific.

Hospital medicine is a type of internal medicine practice which involves the clinical focus of caring for hospitalized patients. Physicians whose primary profession focus on hospital medicine are called hospitalists and the physician who is engaged in clinical care, teaching, research, and/or leadership in the field of hospital medicine is also known as a hospitalist. Other than this core expertise they also manage the clinical problems of acutely ill, hospitalized patients, hospital medicine practitioner’s work to enhance the performance of hospitals and healthcare systems.

The process of determining the disease or condition is termed as internal diagnosis. The diagnosis deals with the explanation of the signs and symptoms of the diseases. It is sometimes often implicit to diagnose with medical context. Information is typically collected from the history and physical examination of the person seeking medical care for proper diagnosis. One or more diagnostic procedures, such as diagnostic tests, are also done during this process are most often used. Diagnosis is challenging, because many signs and the symptoms are nonspecific.

Some examples include the redness of the skin (scientifically known as erythema) which is a sign of many disorders and thus doesn't directly depicts specialist what is wrong. Thus differential diagnosis, in which several possible explanations are compared and contrasted, must be performed. This includes the connection of various pieces of information pursued by the acknowledgement and differentiation of patterns. Diagnosis is a major component of the procedure of a physician’s visit.

Once a demonstrative opinion has been achieved then primary care provider proposes plan for administration, which will include treatment plan as well as plan for follow up given by doctor. From that point onwards, other than patient's condition treatment, the doctor can educate patient about aetiology, progression, prognosis, other outcomes, and possible treatments of her or his ailments, as well as providing an advice for maintaining health.

The proposed treatment plan may incorporate the treatment and follow-up consultations and tests to screen condition and the advancement of the treatment, if necessary, as a rule as indicated by therapeutic rules given by restorative field on the treatment of the specific disease.

Older adult’s age comes with ever-greater risks for health issues. They remain at a greater risk of contracting disease due to a number of factors. These factors majorly involve a weakened immune system, decrease in the overall activity and use of the medications that impact body’s immune system response. Disease prevention should be the primary motive of any healthcare strategy for older adults, with the ultimate goal of postponing dependency for as long as possible.

Most of the older adult diseases can be prevented through a healthy lifestyle, including diet, exercise and lack of risky activity.

Early detection of certain diseases reduces the possibility of disease encounter whereas the success rates of treatment and care increases. Preventative measures are taken to resist any disorders which usually include changes in one’s lifestyle, from increased exercise to quit smoking and alcohol consumption.

Infectious disease is one of the internal medicines subspecialty which deals with the diagnosis and treatment of communicable diseases of all types, in all organs, and in patients of all ages. This requires a special understanding of the microbiology, prevention, and management of disorders caused by viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections, including appropriate use of antimicrobial agents, vaccines, and all other immune biological agents like environmental, occupational, and host factors that eventually predispose to infection; and all other basic principles of epidemiology and transmission of infection. Internal medicine session will include all the topics which are concerned with different medicinal therapies used for the treatment and diagnosis of the disorders and diseases caused by infectious agents like bacteria, fungi or viruses.

Adolescent medicine is one of the medical subspecialty that deals with the care of the patient who is in adolescent period of development, generally ranging from last years of school until graduation from the high school. Many doctors dealing with this subspecialty treat young adults attending college at area clinics, in the subfield of college health. Major health issues related to adolescent medicine will be discussed in our scientific sessions.

Intensive care medicine is a branch of medicine board with the diagnosis and administration of life-threatening disease cases requiring organ support and invasive auditing. Patients requiring intensive care may compel support for instability, acute renal failure, respiratory compromise, lethal cardiac arrhythmias or the increasing effects of multiple organ failure, more frequently referred to now as multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. They may also be introduced for invasive auditing, such like the crucial hours after major surgery when allow too unstable to transfer to a less intensively auditor unit. Intensive care is usually only offered to those whose condition is potentially reversible and who have a good chance of surviving with intensive care support. A prime requirement for admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) is that the underlying case can be defeated. Critical care medicine is a relatively new but increasingly important medical specialty. Physicians with training in critical care medicine are referred to as intensivists.

Immunization is referred as a process in which the person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine. A vaccine basically stimulates the body’s own immune system to protect the person against subsequent infection or disease. Vaccination is the administration of attenuated antigenic material (a vaccine) that stimulates the individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen.

Intensive care medicine and the critical care medicine are the branches of medicine that are concerned with diagnosis and management of life-threatening conditions requiring sophisticated organ support and the invasive monitoring.

Medical Oncology is the specialised branch in internal medicine, medical oncologist is the specialist in treating cancer with the chemotherapy (use of drugs to kill cancer cells, by letting them lose their ability to grow and divide) or other medications, such as targeted therapy and oral (in pill form) chemotherapy are also used to treat cancer.

Nephrology is a branch of medicine and pediatrics that concerns itself with the kidneys. It deals with the study of normal kidney function and kidney problems, the preservation of kidney health, and the treatment of kidney problems, from diet and medication to renal replacement therapy. Systemic conditions such as autoimmune disease and diabetes affect the kidneys and systemic problem such has hypertension occurs as a result of kidney problems are studied in nephrology.

Geriatrics is one of the internal medicine’s specializations. It differs from the standard adult medicine because it focuses on special needs of elderly person. Aged body physiologically differs from the younger adult body, and during old age, various organ systems functions are declined and becomes manifest. Health issues from past and lifestyle choices produce a different constellation of the disease and symptoms in different people. The appearance of these symptoms depends on remaining healthy reserves in the organs.

Oncology is a branch of medicine dealing with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer. The oncologist is a medical professional who practices oncology. There are three components which have improved survival in cancer:

1. Prevention - This is by reduction of risk factors like tobacco and alcohol consumption.
2. Early diagnosis - Screening of common cancers and comprehensive diagnosis and staging
3. Treatment - Multimodality management by discussion in tumor board and treatment in a comprehensive cancer center.

Cancers are managed by attending  multi-disciplinary cancer conferences where the surgical oncologist, pathologist, medical oncologist, organ specific oncologists meet to find possible management for individual patient considering the social, emotional, physical, psychological and financial status of patients.

Sleep medicine is the medical specialty that deals with the diagnosis and therapy of sleep disturbances and disorders. Disorders and disturbances of sleep are seen and have significant consequences for affected individuals as well as the economic and other consequences for society research studies have shown that, the major cause (31%) of heavy truck crashes is fatigue related with drugs and alcohol as the number two cause (29%). Sleep deprivation is the lack of quality of sleep which projects negative impact on your energy, emotional balance, and the health. Other the that those who are suffering from regular sleeping problems often have many undetected medical or mental health problem, be it is minor or serious.

Clinical trials are observations or experiments done in clinical research. It includes biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants  to answer specific questions about treatments such as novel vaccines, drugs, dietary choices, dietary supplements, and medical devices. It generates data on efficacy and safety. Clinical trials are conducted only after they receive approval from the ethics committee in the country. These authorities are responsible for benefit or risk ratio of trial and the approval does not mean the therapy is safe; it is that only the trial may be conducted. The cost of a trial is dependent on a number of factors. The sponsor for clinical trials may be a pharmaceutical company or government organization or medical device company. There are certain functions which are necessary to the trial include lab work and monitoring, managed by central laboratory or contract research organization.

Clinical pharmacy major branch of Pharmacy in which the pharmacists provide patient’s care that leads to the optimum use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention. Clinical pharmacist’s deals with patients in all the health care settings but the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics. They often collaborate with the physicians and other healthcare professionals to provide optimum care to patients. They also optimizes the outcomes of internal medicine patients by providing evidence-based, patient- centred medication therapy. This scientific session will mainly focus on Research in Health & Medicine, Radiopharmaceuticals, Nanotechnology, Hospital Pharmacy, Drugs and Regulations, Genetics, Genetic Engineering and Biomedical Engineering, Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Bio-Pharmaceutics and Pre-formulation Studies

The cost-effective secure use of information and communication technology in support of the healthcare, health surveillance and health education, knowledge and research is e-Medicine.

Now a day’s technological innovation continues to grow, as change in all the industries is taking place. In healthcare, the technology is prominently playing a role in almost all processes, from the patient registration to data monitoring, from lab tests to the self-care tools. Devices and wearable’s like smartphones, tablets, etc. are starting to replace the conventional monitoring and recording systems, and people are now given option for undergoing a full consultation in the privacy of their own homes. Technological advancements in healthcare have contributed to services being taken out of the confined walls of the hospital and integrating them with user-friendly, accessible devices which emerged in the healthcare a day-to-day boon.

Telemedicine is exchange of medical information from one site to another via electronic communications to improve the patient’s clinical health status. It basically includes growing variety of applications and the services using two-way videos, emails, smart phones, wireless tools and the other forms of telecommunications technology. Starting from past 40 years with demonstrations of hospitals extending care to the patients in remote areas, use of telemedicine has spread outrageously and is now becoming the integral part of the on-going operations of hospitals, specialty departments, home health agencies, private physician offices as well as consumer’s homes and workplaces.  Products and services which are mainly related to telemedicine are often part of a larger investment done by healthcare institutions in either information technology or the delivery of clinical care.

In medical profession and Healthcare system, a case report is a detailed report of the patient’s symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. It mainly contains a demographic profile of the patient, but usually describes an unusual or novel occurrence. Some of these case reports also contain a literature review of others previously reported diseases or disorders. Case reports have useful roles in medical research and evidence-based medicine which lead to the discovery and possible treatment of the outrageous and deadly diseases. They also help the researchers to understand the clinical spectrum of the rare disease, as well as unusual presentations of common disease. The case report can detail many different aspects of patient’s medical.

Study of the diagnosis and treatment of the diseases and disorders related to the children is paediatrics. Parents are usually committed in providing every advantage possible to the children in their families, and to ensuring that they are healthy and have the opportunities that they need to fulfil their potential. Highlights of this session will revolve around all the possible aspects of paediatrics.

Internal Medicine physicians encounter plenty of female patients dealing with disease and disorders related to their reproductive systems and its endocrinology. Education of its evaluation, examination, diagnosis and, management of basic gynaecological conditions will significantly enhance the internist’s ability to diagnose, treat a broader scope of patients. This session will cover all the areas off the gynaecology and obstetrics